高可用

Kubernetes HA

Kubernetes作为容器应用的管理平台，通过对pod的运行状态进行监控，并且根据主机或容器失效的状态将新的pod调度到其他node上，实现了应用层的高可用。

针对kubernetes集群，高可用性还包含以下两个层面的考虑：

• etcd存储的高可用

• master节点的高可用

在开始之前，先贴一下架构图

Kubernetes 从 1.5 开始，通过 kops 或者 kube-up.sh 部署的集群会自动部署一个高可用的系统，包括

• Etcd 集群模式

• kube-apiserver 负载均衡

• kube-controller-manager、kube-scheduler 和 cluster-autoscaler 自动选主（有且仅有一个运行实例）

如下图所示

注意：以下步骤假设每台机器上 Kubelet 和 Docker 已配置并处于正常运行状态。

etcd作为kubernetes的中心数据库，必须保证其不是单点。

Etcd 集群

安装 cfssl

# On all etcd nodes
curl -o /usr/local/bin/cfssl https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssl_linux-amd64
curl -o /usr/local/bin/cfssljson https://pkg.cfssl.org/R1.2/cfssljson_linux-amd64
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/cfssl*

生成 CA certs:

# SSH etcd0
mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
cd /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
cat >ca-config.json <<EOF
{
    "signing": {
        "default": {
            "expiry": "43800h"
        },
        "profiles": {
            "server": {
                "expiry": "43800h",
                "usages": [
                    "signing",
                    "key encipherment",
                    "server auth",
                    "client auth"
                ]
            },
            "client": {
                "expiry": "43800h",
                "usages": [
                    "signing",
                    "key encipherment",
                    "client auth"
                ]
            },
            "peer": {
                "expiry": "43800h",
                "usages": [
                    "signing",
                    "key encipherment",
                    "server auth",
                    "client auth"
                ]
            }
        }
    }
}
EOF
cat >ca-csr.json <<EOF
{
    "CN": "etcd",
    "key": {
        "algo": "rsa",
        "size": 2048
    }
}
EOF
cfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca -

# generate client certs
cat >client.json <<EOF
{
    "CN": "client",
    "key": {
        "algo": "ecdsa",
        "size": 256
    }
}
EOF
cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=client client.json | cfssljson -bare client

生成 etcd server/peer certs

# Copy files to other etcd nodes
mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
cd /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
scp root@<etcd0-ip-address>:/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.pem .
scp root@<etcd0-ip-address>:/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca-key.pem .
scp root@<etcd0-ip-address>:/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/client.pem .
scp root@<etcd0-ip-address>:/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/client-key.pem .
scp root@<etcd0-ip-address>:/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca-config.json .

# Run on all etcd nodes
cfssl print-defaults csr > config.json
sed -i '0,/CN/{s/example\.net/'"$PEER_NAME"'/}' config.json
sed -i 's/www\.example\.net/'"$PRIVATE_IP"'/' config.json
sed -i 's/example\.net/'"$PUBLIC_IP"'/' config.json
cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=server config.json | cfssljson -bare server
cfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=peer config.json | cfssljson -bare peer

最后运行 etcd，将如下的 yaml 配置写入每台 etcd 节点的 /etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd.yaml 文件中，注意替换

• <podname> 为 etcd 节点名称 （比如etcd0, etcd1 和 etcd2）

• <etcd0-ip-address>, <etcd1-ip-address> and <etcd2-ip-address> 为 etcd 节点的内网 IP 地址

cat >/etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd.yaml <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
labels:
    component: etcd
    tier: control-plane
name: <podname>
namespace: kube-system
spec:
containers:
- command:
    - etcd --name ${PEER_NAME} \
    - --data-dir /var/lib/etcd \
    - --listen-client-urls https://${PRIVATE_IP}:2379 \
    - --advertise-client-urls https://${PRIVATE_IP}:2379 \
    - --listen-peer-urls https://${PRIVATE_IP}:2380 \
    - --initial-advertise-peer-urls https://${PRIVATE_IP}:2380 \
    - --cert-file=/certs/server.pem \
    - --key-file=/certs/server-key.pem \
    - --client-cert-auth \
    - --trusted-ca-file=/certs/ca.pem \
    - --peer-cert-file=/certs/peer.pem \
    - --peer-key-file=/certs/peer-key.pem \
    - --peer-client-cert-auth \
    - --peer-trusted-ca-file=/certs/ca.pem \
    - --initial-cluster etcd0=https://<etcd0-ip-address>:2380,etcd1=https://<etcd1-ip-address>:2380,etcd1=https://<etcd2-ip-address>:2380 \
    - --initial-cluster-token my-etcd-token \
    - --initial-cluster-state new
    image: gcr.io/google_containers/etcd-amd64:3.1.0
    livenessProbe:
    httpGet:
        path: /health
        port: 2379
        scheme: HTTP
    initialDelaySeconds: 15
    timeoutSeconds: 15
    name: etcd
    env:
    - name: PUBLIC_IP
    valueFrom:
        fieldRef:
        fieldPath: status.hostIP
    - name: PRIVATE_IP
    valueFrom:
        fieldRef:
        fieldPath: status.podIP
    - name: PEER_NAME
    valueFrom:
        fieldRef:
        fieldPath: metadata.name
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /var/lib/etcd
    name: etcd
    - mountPath: /certs
    name: certs
hostNetwork: true
volumes:
- hostPath:
    path: /var/lib/etcd
    type: DirectoryOrCreate
    name: etcd
- hostPath:
    path: /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
    name: certs
EOF

注意：以上方法需要每个 etcd 节点都运行 kubelet。如果不想使用 kubelet，还可以通过 systemd 的方式来启动 etcd：

export ETCD_VERSION=v3.1.10
curl -sSL https://github.com/coreos/etcd/releases/download/${ETCD_VERSION}/etcd-${ETCD_VERSION}-linux-amd64.tar.gz | tar -xzv --strip-components=1 -C /usr/local/bin/
rm -rf etcd-$ETCD_VERSION-linux-amd64*

touch /etc/etcd.env
echo "PEER_NAME=$PEER_NAME" >> /etc/etcd.env
echo "PRIVATE_IP=$PRIVATE_IP" >> /etc/etcd.env

cat >/etc/systemd/system/etcd.service <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=etcd
Documentation=https://github.com/coreos/etcd
Conflicts=etcd.service
Conflicts=etcd2.service

[Service]
EnvironmentFile=/etc/etcd.env
Type=notify
Restart=always
RestartSec=5s
LimitNOFILE=40000
TimeoutStartSec=0

ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/etcd --name ${PEER_NAME} \
    --data-dir /var/lib/etcd \
    --listen-client-urls https://${PRIVATE_IP}:2379 \
    --advertise-client-urls https://${PRIVATE_IP}:2379 \
    --listen-peer-urls https://${PRIVATE_IP}:2380 \
    --initial-advertise-peer-urls https://${PRIVATE_IP}:2380 \
    --cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.pem \
    --key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server-key.pem \
    --client-cert-auth \
    --trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.pem \
    --peer-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.pem \
    --peer-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer-key.pem \
    --peer-client-cert-auth \
    --peer-trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.pem \
    --initial-cluster etcd0=https://<etcd0-ip-address>:2380,etcd1=https://<etcd1-ip-address>:2380,etcd2=https://<etcd2-ip-address>:2380 \
    --initial-cluster-token my-etcd-token \
    --initial-cluster-state new

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl start etcd

kube-apiserver

Master的三个组件(apiserver、controller-manager、scheduler)都以容器的形式启动，启动他们的基础工具是kubelet，他们都以static pod的形式启动，并由kubelet进行监控和自动启动。而kubelet自身的自启动由systemd完成。

APIserver作为集群的核心，负责集群各功能模块之间的通信，集群内的各个功能模块通过apiserver将信息存入etcd，当需要获取和操作这些数据时，则通过apiserver提供的rest接口来实现，从而实现各模块之间的信息交互。

每个node节点上的kubelet每隔一个时间周期，就会调用一次apiserver的rest接口报告自身状态，apiserver接收到这些信息后，将节点状态信息更新到etcd。此外，kubelet也通过apiserver的watch接口监听pod信息，如果监听到新的pod副本被调度绑定到本节点，则执行pod对应的容器的创建和启动逻辑；如果监听到pod对象被删除，则删除本节点上的响应的pod容器；如果监听到修改pod信息，则kubelet监听到变化后，会相应地修改本节点的pod容器

把 kube-apiserver.yaml 放到每台 Master 节点的 /etc/kubernetes/manifests/，并把相关的配置放到 /srv/kubernetes/，即可由 kubelet 自动创建并启动 apiserver:

• basic_auth.csv - basic auth user and password

• ca.crt - Certificate Authority cert

• known_tokens.csv - tokens that entities (e.g. the kubelet) can use to talk to the apiserver

• kubecfg.crt - Client certificate, public key

• kubecfg.key - Client certificate, private key

• server.cert - Server certificate, public key

• server.key - Server certificate, private key

注意：确保 kube-apiserver 配置 --etcd-quorum-read=true（v1.9 之后默认为 true）。

kubeadm

如果使用 kubeadm 来部署集群的话，可以按照如下步骤配置：

# on master0
# deploy master0
cat >config.yaml <<EOF
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1alpha2
kind: MasterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.11.0
apiServerCertSANs:
- "LOAD_BALANCER_DNS"
api:
    controlPlaneEndpoint: "LOAD_BALANCER_DNS:LOAD_BALANCER_PORT"
etcd:
  local:
    extraArgs:
      listen-client-urls: "https://127.0.0.1:2379,https://CP0_IP:2379"
      advertise-client-urls: "https://CP0_IP:2379"
      listen-peer-urls: "https://CP0_IP:2380"
      initial-advertise-peer-urls: "https://CP0_IP:2380"
      initial-cluster: "CP0_HOSTNAME=https://CP0_IP:2380"
    serverCertSANs:
      - CP0_HOSTNAME
      - CP0_IP
    peerCertSANs:
      - CP0_HOSTNAME
      - CP0_IP
networking:
    # This CIDR is a Calico default. Substitute or remove for your CNI provider.
    podSubnet: "192.168.0.0/16"
EOF
kubeadm init --config=config.yaml

# copy TLS certs to other master nodes
CONTROL_PLANE_IPS="10.0.0.7 10.0.0.8"
for host in ${CONTROL_PLANE_IPS}; do
    scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt "${USER}"@$host:
    scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.key "${USER}"@$host:
    scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/sa.key "${USER}"@$host:
    scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/sa.pub "${USER}"@$host:
    scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/front-proxy-ca.crt "${USER}"@$host:
    scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/front-proxy-ca.key "${USER}"@$host:
    scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt "${USER}"@$host:etcd-ca.crt
    scp /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.key "${USER}"@$host:etcd-ca.key
    scp /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf "${USER}"@$host:
done


# on other master nodes
cat > kubeadm-config.yaml <<EOF
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1alpha2
kind: MasterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.11.0
apiServerCertSANs:
- "LOAD_BALANCER_DNS"
api:
    controlPlaneEndpoint: "LOAD_BALANCER_DNS:LOAD_BALANCER_PORT"
etcd:
  local:
    extraArgs:
      listen-client-urls: "https://127.0.0.1:2379,https://CP1_IP:2379"
      advertise-client-urls: "https://CP1_IP:2379"
      listen-peer-urls: "https://CP1_IP:2380"
      initial-advertise-peer-urls: "https://CP1_IP:2380"
      initial-cluster: "CP0_HOSTNAME=https://CP0_IP:2380,CP1_HOSTNAME=https://CP1_IP:2380"
      initial-cluster-state: existing
    serverCertSANs:
      - CP1_HOSTNAME
      - CP1_IP
    peerCertSANs:
      - CP1_HOSTNAME
      - CP1_IP
networking:
    # This CIDR is a calico default. Substitute or remove for your CNI provider.
    podSubnet: "192.168.0.0/16"
EOF
# move files
mkdir -p /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd
mv /home/${USER}/ca.crt /etc/kubernetes/pki/
mv /home/${USER}/ca.key /etc/kubernetes/pki/
mv /home/${USER}/sa.pub /etc/kubernetes/pki/
mv /home/${USER}/sa.key /etc/kubernetes/pki/
mv /home/${USER}/front-proxy-ca.crt /etc/kubernetes/pki/
mv /home/${USER}/front-proxy-ca.key /etc/kubernetes/pki/
mv /home/${USER}/etcd-ca.crt /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
mv /home/${USER}/etcd-ca.key /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.key
mv /home/${USER}/admin.conf /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
# Run the kubeadm phase commands to bootstrap the kubelet:
kubeadm alpha phase certs all --config kubeadm-config.yaml
kubeadm alpha phase kubelet config write-to-disk --config kubeadm-config.yaml
kubeadm alpha phase kubelet write-env-file --config kubeadm-config.yaml
kubeadm alpha phase kubeconfig kubelet --config kubeadm-config.yaml
systemctl start kubelet
# Add the node to etcd cluster
CP0_IP=10.0.0.7
CP0_HOSTNAME=cp0
CP1_IP=10.0.0.8
CP1_HOSTNAME=cp1
KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf kubectl exec -n kube-system etcd-${CP0_HOSTNAME} -- etcdctl --ca-file /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt --cert-file /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.crt --key-file /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/peer.key --endpoints=https://${CP0_IP}:2379 member add ${CP1_HOSTNAME} https://${CP1_IP}:2380
kubeadm alpha phase etcd local --config kubeadm-config.yaml
# Deploy the master components
kubeadm alpha phase kubeconfig all --config kubeadm-config.yaml
kubeadm alpha phase controlplane all --config kubeadm-config.yaml
kubeadm alpha phase mark-master --config kubeadm-config.yaml

kube-apiserver 启动后，还需要为它们做负载均衡，可以使用云平台的弹性负载均衡服务或者使用 haproxy/lvs 等为 master 节点配置负载均衡。

kube-controller-manager 和 kube-scheduler

kube-controller manager 和 kube-scheduler 需要保证任何时刻都只有一个实例运行，需要一个选主的过程，所以在启动时要设置 --leader-elect=true，比如

kube-scheduler --master=127.0.0.1:8080 --v=2 --leader-elect=true
kube-controller-manager --master=127.0.0.1:8080 --cluster-cidr=10.245.0.0/16 --allocate-node-cidrs=true --service-account-private-key-file=/srv/kubernetes/server.key --v=2 --leader-elect=true

把 kube-scheduler.yaml 和 kube-controller-manager.yaml 放到每台 master 节点的 /etc/kubernetes/manifests/ 即可。

kube-dns

kube-dns 可以通过 Deployment 的方式来部署，默认 kubeadm 会自动创建。但在大规模集群的时候，需要放宽资源限制，比如

dns_replicas: 6
dns_cpu_limit: 100m
dns_memory_limit: 512Mi
dns_cpu_requests 70m
dns_memory_requests: 70Mi

另外，也需要给 dnsmasq 增加资源，比如增加缓存大小到 10000，增加并发处理数量 --dns-forward-max=1000 等。

kube-proxy

默认 kube-proxy 使用 iptables 来为 Service 作负载均衡，这在大规模时会产生很大的 Latency，可以考虑使用 IPVS 的替代方式（注意 IPVS 在 v1.9 中还是 beta 状态）。

另外，需要注意配置 kube-proxy 使用 kube-apiserver 负载均衡的 IP 地址：

kubectl get configmap -n kube-system kube-proxy -o yaml > kube-proxy-сm.yaml
sed -i 's#server:.*#server: https://<masterLoadBalancerFQDN>:6443#g' kube-proxy-cm.yaml
kubectl apply -f kube-proxy-cm.yaml --force
# restart all kube-proxy pods to ensure that they load the new configmap
kubectl delete pod -n kube-system -l k8s-app=kube-proxy

kubelet

kubelet 需要配置 kube-apiserver 负载均衡的 IP 地址

sudo sed -i 's#server:.*#server: https://<masterLoadBalancerFQDN>:6443#g' /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf
sudo systemctl restart kubelet

数据持久化

除了上面提到的这些配置，持久化存储也是高可用 Kubernetes 集群所必须的。

• 对于公有云上部署的集群，可以考虑使用云平台提供的持久化存储，比如 aws ebs 或者 gce persistent disk

• 对于物理机部署的集群，可以考虑使用 iSCSI、NFS、Gluster 或者 Ceph 等网络存储，也可以使用 RAID

参考文档

• Creating Highly Available Clusters with kubeadm

• http://kubecloud.io/setup-ha-k8s-kops/

• https://github.com/coreos/etcd/blob/master/Documentation/op-guide/clustering.md

• Kubernetes Master Tier For 1000 Nodes Scale

• Scaling Kubernetes to Support 50000 Services

• https://kubernetes.feisky.xyz/shi-jian-an-li/index/ha